More Than Ethics: Why We Must Recover the Transformative Power of Theory
When sustainability is discussed, the conversation almost always turns to action. We ask what governments should do, which policies should be adopted, how institutions should change, and what responsibilities individuals have toward future generations. These are indispensable questions, but I have become increasingly convinced that they rest on a deeper assumption that is rarely examined: our belief that the primary purpose of knowledge is to guide action.
Coming from the history of modern philosophy and the philosophy of religion, I approach sustainability from a somewhat unusual angle. Rather than evaluating environmental policies or technological solutions, I am interested in what the sustainability agenda reveals about our understanding of the human being. In many respects, the Sustainable Development Goals reflect a broader cultural conviction about humanity's destination—what we are for and how we ought to shape the future.
The scale of this commitment is undeniable. The European Union alone has pledged enormous investments through initiatives such as NextGenerationEU, Sustainable Finance, and the Just Transition Mechanism, while research funding increasingly prioritizes projects addressing social challenges. A similar tendency appears within the humanities. Looking at philosophy job advertisements and European research grants, one observes a striking predominance of ethics over more theoretical fields such as metaphysics, epistemology, or philosophy of language.
This trend tells us something important. The dominant intellectual question today is no longer "What is true?" but "What should we do?". Increasingly, our universities, research programmes, and public institutions assume that the value of knowledge lies in its practical usefulness—its capacity to improve decision-making, solve problems, and generate measurable social outcomes.
Interestingly, thinkers with radically different political commitments often share it. Ian Angus, writing from an eco-socialist perspective, argues that human reason is fundamentally concerned with identifying worthwhile ends rather than merely efficient means. Julian Simon, by contrast, celebrates human ingenuity as the ultimate resource driving prosperity and technological progress. Despite their profound disagreements, both understand the human being primarily as an agent whose defining characteristic is action.
What if this shared assumption is itself part of the problem?
I wonder whether our contemporary idea of progress has become inseparable from an excessive faith in human action. We celebrate progress whenever we become more efficient, more productive, or better equipped to intervene in the world. But perhaps a sustainable future requires us not simply to accelerate this model of progress but to mend it. Rather than assuming that theory exists to serve practice, we might recover the older conviction that the pursuit of truth possesses its own transformative power.
The eighteenth-century notion of Bestimmung—usually translated as "destination," "vocation," or "determination"—offers a useful reminder. Before deciding where humanity ought to go, we must first ask what humanity is. Yet modern culture has gradually lost confidence in theoretical inquiry. Mathematics, philosophy, literature, and the arts are increasingly defended because they develop transferable skills or support innovation, not because they reshape the people who engage with them.
For thinkers such as Hegel, this would have seemed an impoverished understanding of education. Art, religion, and philosophy were not luxuries detached from practical life; they were among the principal means by which individuals and societies transformed themselves.
For this reason, I believe we need to rethink education at every level. Education is not primarily about producing better decision-makers. Its deeper purpose is to cultivate the capacity to recognize when action should give way to understanding. We have gradually lost faith in the idea that knowing the truth changes us. Instead, we increasingly value truth only insofar as it helps us achieve practical goals.
Higher education reminds us of a different possibility. The university matters not simply because it prepares students for employment or innovation, but because it deliberately creates time away from ordinary life. It makes room for reflection, contemplation, and forms of inquiry that have no immediate practical purpose. Far from being a luxury, this suspension of utility is one of the university's greatest contributions to society.
Perhaps we should not stop being students when we graduate. A sustainable future will require not only better policies and stronger ethical commitments, but also citizens willing to remain lifelong learners—people who continue to seek truth for its own sake. Recovering confidence in the transformative power of theoretical inquiry may be one of the most important, and most neglected, conditions for building a genuinely sustainable future.
References
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r-3C5pAagzw
Essays:
- B. Williston, Philosophy and the climate crisis: how the past can save the present (New York: Routledge, 2020).
- R. Irwin, Heidegger, politics and climate change risking it all (London&New York: Continuum, 2008)
- International Research Center for Japanese Studies, Nature and humankind in the age of environmental crisis: proceedings of the VIth International Symposium at the International Research Center for Japanese Studies (Kyoto University, 1992)
Lecture Resources: Paolo Livieri
Paolo Livieri delivered the lecture "Vacating the Self: Reflections on Human Vocation in the Face of a Crisis" as part of the SDGs@UofT–IECS Visiting Scholars Program.
Drawing on philosophical traditions, Livieri examined the human being as a vocation-bearing agent and explored how creativity, purpose, and theoretical reflection can inform responses to contemporary ecological and societal crises. The lecture offers a unique perspective on sustainability, emphasizing the role of critical reflection in supporting meaningful action toward the Sustainable Development Goals.
Access the lecture slides and resources:
https://sdg.utoronto.ca/visitingscholars2026-outputs/















